Residents of Birmingham, Alabama, were abruptly informed earlier this month that their water utility had decided to stop adding fluoride to city water. Then, days later, they learned that the utility had actually stopped adding fluoride years ago.

This calculator is used to size pumps. The calculator determines the total differential head of the pump and the absorbed power required. Frictional and static pressure drops in the suction and discharge lines are also calculated as well as the NPSH available.

The first form calculates the pressure or friction loss along a given length of pipeline with a specified inside diameter. The second form calculates the minimum pipe size to limit pressure loss to a specified value.

Additional friction pressure losses occur due to fittings. These losses in-effect add extra additional length to the total pipeline. Use this calculator to estimate how much additional length needs to be added to the overall pipe length below in order to estimate these additional losses. Learn more about the units used on this page.

Use our pipe flow calculator to determine the velocity and flow rate of water that flows by gravity. This tool employs the gravitational form of the Hazen–Williams equation to calculate velocity in a pipe.

Pipes and Tubes - Imperial vs. Metric Sizes
SI vs. Imperial pipe sizes.

The size of pipes, fittings, flanges and valves are often given in inches as NPS - Nominal Pipe Size, or in metric units as DN - 'Diametre Nominal'.

Typical weight and dimensions of industrial PVC and CPVC pipes equal to steel pipes schedule 40 and 80 are indicated in the table below.

• ASTM D1785 Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120 is manufactured to meet the needs of a broad range of industrial, commercial and residential piping systems. ASTM D1785 covers pipes made for water distribution and irrigation systems.
• ASTM F441 Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80

DN Diametre Nominal & NPS Nominal Pipe Size Table

Metric Pipe Sizes DN per ISO and NPS equivalent for DN6 to DN2200, NPS Schedule 5 to 30

In an ever-changing industry, knowledge is vital to your job. Since the 1960s, the Franklin Electric AIM manual has been directed at helping you navigate questions related to submersible motor Application, Installation, and Maintenance.

This water butt tap is durable and smooth. Ideal for water cisterns, composting, home brew and wine making kits. It is also good for many home and garden applications.

• HDPE body & polypropylene spigot
• Gasket provides leak-proof seal (17351 only)
• Designed to fit through 1" hole in pail or drum sidewall
• High flow rate
• Handle turns independently of nozzle
• Smooth turning
• Item Number: 17351 -- $3
  • 3/4" Black Nut for Water Butt Tap | U.S. Plastic Corp.
  • Item Number: 17352 -- $1

• Item Number: 17352
• Nut for 17351 only

This system works with our PointOne water filter, to remove all harmful bacteria, protozoa and cysts from the water source using a gravity water flow. The kit will come with a filter, gravity tubing, cleaning plunger, a cleaning instruction sticker, and all of the connection pieces needed to attach the system to any standard bucket or container. Bucket not included

This item is not sold publicly. Contact us for details.

Open channel flow monitoring is a long-established technique used to measure the flow rate of water in irrigation channels, streams, stormwater systems, and wastewater treatment facilities. Unlike closed-pipe systems, open channels rely on gravity rather than pressure, making accurate measurement dependent on the relationship between water level (stage) and flow rate.

When chlorine gas, bleach or other chlorine-containing disinfectant contacts water, it becomes hypochlorous acid. This acid readily reacts with organic matter contained in the water to form trihalomethanes.

These compounds are carcinogenic, meaning they are known to lead to cancer. In 1974, these effects were first acknowledged and in 1979, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began regulating allowable concentrations of THMs in drinking water, limiting it to 100 parts per billion.

It’s important to clean and sanitize your backcountry water filter or purifier before storing it away during the winter months. There’s a simple three-stage process for this that involves cleaning the filter to improve its flow rate, sanitizing the filter to kill any microorganisms inside it, and drying it before storing it until you’re ready to use it again. //

odd man out
Filters with a small pore size are susceptible to clogging due to hard water deposits. Most drinking water will have some divalent cations (Ca+2, Mg+2) that forms insoluble carbonate salts (from dissolved CO2) when it dries. The reason to rinse with vinegar is that the acid in vinegar (acetic acid) will dissolve the carbonates salts because carbonate is a base. It reacts with the acid to form soluble acetate salts and carbonic acid that decomposes to form CO2 again (mix baking soda and vinegar if you want to see the reaction). However the salts take some time to dissolve. So what I do is to run some vinegar through the filter, seal it, and let it set for a while (an hour or so), then flush that out and repeat until you get a good flow rate. Then run a large volume of tap water through it to get rid of all the vinegar.

Fluoride is the anion of the naturally occurring element fluorine. An anion is a negatively charged atom. As ground water flows over rocks it picks up fluoride ions leached from the compound calcium fluoride, and fluorosilicate compounds in those rocks. These fluoride ions are to what is commonly referred as being “naturally occurring” fluoride.

The most commonly utilized substance to fluoridate water systems is hydrofluorosilic acid (HFA). Once introduced into drinking water, due to the pH of that water (~7), the HFA is immediately and completely hydrolyzed (dissociated). The products of this hydrolysis are fluoride ions identical to those “naturally occurring” fluoride ions which have always existed in water, and trace contaminants in barely detectable amounts far below EPA mandated maximum allowable levels of safety. //

Some consumers have questioned whether fluoride from natural groundwater sources, such as calcium fluoride, is better than fluorides added “artificially,” such as FSA or sodium fluoride. Two recent scientific studies, listed below, demonstrate that the same fluoride ion is present in naturally occurring fluoride or in fluoride drinking water additives and that no intermediates or other products were observed at pH levels as low as 3.5. In addition, the metabolism of fluoride does not differ depending on the chemical compound used or whether the fluoride is present naturally or added to the water supply.

This online course is tailored for individuals with technical backgrounds involved in designing or procuring solar powered water systems (SPWS). It offers the flexibility to work on your own schedule while also benefiting from interactive group discussions.

Over the past 30 years you have probably seen multiple articles on constant pressure water pump control valves (CPV). Every article talks about the "magic" of these simple mechanical valves, but rarely do they talk about the benefits of constant pressure during variable water demand for your entire water system.

Adding life to your pump is what CPV's are all about. Additionally, you have the benefits of longer life on all other well components such as pressure switch points and pressure tank bladders/diaphragms. This is due to a CPV limiting excessive cycling on your system.

The goal of these valves has always been to control the pump and keep it from cycling itself to an early death. Your customers enjoying constant pressure is icing on the cake.

Let's look at the most common myths about constant pressure water pump control valves:

Provides efficient and reliable filtration while conserving the amount of backwash water required. Due to its efficient rinse system, the ORV uses 1 to 2 gallons per rinse cycle. This low consumption makes it the ideal unit for a wide variety of applications. Designed for low flow applications. The stainless steel fine screen is available in a variety of sizes to suit any application.

The unit consists of two stages of filtration, a coarse screen and a fine screen.

Dirty water enters the inlet, passes through the coarse screen outside-in, and enters the inside of the fine screen. The water then passes through the fine screen from the inside out and exits the outlet.

Unwanted solids accumulate on the inner surface of the fine screen, making it harder for water to pass through the fine screen and creating a pressure differential between the inlet and the outlet. Once the pressure differential reaches a preset level, the factory-supplied control system activates a rinse cycle by opening the rinse valve and starting the motor.

When the rinse valve opens to atmosphere, pressure drops in the rinse chamber. The dirt collector is hollow and connects the rinse chamber and the fine screen chamber, so pressure drops inside the dirt collector and its nozzles as well. The pressure drop causes the nozzles to work like vacuum cleaners, sucking in nearby particles. The nozzles are self-adjusting, allowing the nozzle openings to touch the surface of the fine screen. The water rushes into the nozzles at over 50 feet/second, carrying with it any material stuck on the fine screen. The intense energy can suck off even the stickiest particles.

Meanwhile, the dirt collector is slowly rotating and moving linearly. The drive shaft rotates the dirt collector, while the linear motion shaft moves it linearly. Both are controlled by the motor, on the back of the filter. Together, they ensure that the dirt collector nozzles pass over each part of the screen at least twice during the 45-second rinse cycle.