If you work with files stored on a home server, NAS, or office file share, a network drive can make access much more convenient. The problem is that network locations depend on your connection. If Wi-Fi drops, the VPN disconnects, or you take your laptop away from the office, those files may become unavailable.

That’s where Offline Files comes in. In supported Windows editions, you can map a network drive and cache its contents locally so your files remain available even when the network share is temporarily unreachable. When you reconnect, Windows syncs your changes back to the server.

This guide walks through the full setup in Windows 10 and Windows 11, including how to map the drive, enable offline access, and avoid common pitfalls.

Watts Up With That is an independent website covering climate science, energy policy, and the gap between what the data actually shows and what you’re told it shows.

Founded in 2006 by meteorologist Anthony Watts, WUWT has grown into the most widely read climate website in the world — with over 600 million page views and contributions from scientists, engineers, statisticians, and independent researchers across dozens of countries.

We don’t tell you what to think. We show you the data, explain the methods, and let you draw your own conclusions. Our comment section is one of the most active and technically literate on the internet, with readers who regularly include published scientists, retired engineers, and working professionals who bring real expertise to every discussion.

This stands for client-side caching policy, and specifies how clients capable of offline caching will cache the files in the share. The valid values are: manual, documents, programs, disable.

These values correspond to those used on Windows servers.

For example, shares containing roaming profiles can have offline caching disabled using csc policy = disable.

Default: csc policy = manual

Example: csc policy = programs

Files with the offline DOS attribute are handled differently by the Windows SMB client, as well as by Windows Explorer. In particular, Windows Explorer does not read those files for the sole purpose of drawing a thumbnail, as it normally does. This can improve user experience with some remote file systems.

EXAMPLES
Mark all files in a share as offline:

    [remote]
vfs objects = offline

VERSION
This man page is part of version 4.25.0 of the Samba suite.

The csc policy = programs line enables client-side caching for executable files, allowing offline access. ////

csc policy = manual is the SAMBA default.

This article describes how to use the Always Offline mode of Offline Files to provide faster access to cached files and redirected folders. Offline Files is a feature of Windows that allows users to access files on a network share even when the network connection is unavailable. Offline Files caches files and folders from a network share on the local computer, allowing users to work with them as if they were stored locally. When the network connection is restored, changes made to the files are synchronized with the server copy. //

To enable Always Offline mode, your environment must meet the following prerequisites.

• An Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) domain, with client computers joined to the domain. There are no forest or domain functional-level requirements or schema requirements.
• Permission in AD DS to create and link Group Policy Objects (GPOs) in the domain or organizational unit (OU) where the users are located.
• Client computers running Windows or Windows Server.
• A computer with the Group Policy Management Console installed.

Offline Files feature in Windows 10 allows you to make certain shared network folders and files available offline even if your computer is not connected to the corporate network. In this article, we will show how to enable and configure Offline Files on Windows 10 and Windows Server 2019 manually and using GPO.

Offline Files have been available in Windows for a long time. A user only needs to enable Offline Files on the computer and check the “Always available offline” option for some files or folders in a shared folder. Then Windows saves the specified files to the local cache on the disk and periodically updates them in the background (every 2 hours by default, but you can set how often your Offline Files are synchronized using the Configure Background Sync option in GPO). //

Offline Files are stored in the C:\Windows\CSC folder on a client computer and are not directly accessible through File Explorer.

The IPCC, NASA, NOAA, and EPA state that essentially all of the observed rise in atmospheric CO2 since the pre-industrial era originates from fossil-fuel combustion. This paper shows that claim is mathematically inconsistent with the isotopic record those same agencies rely on. The Keeling plot of 𝛿 13C against 1/𝐶 has an intercept 𝛿13C𝐼 equal to the flux-weighted isotopic signature of the net carbon addition to the atmosphere. Applied by Koutsoyiannis (2024a) [16] to instrumental 𝛿13C records from four Scripps CO2 Program stations (Barrow, La Jolla, Mauna Loa, South Pole) spanning about 1978 to present, this construction gives 𝛿13C𝐼 = −13.2 ± 0.2‰. Caribbean sclerosponge 𝛿13C reconstructions of surface-water dissolved inorganic carbon by Böhm et al. (2002) [2] extend this value back to approximately 1500 AD with no significant drift. Independent Keeling regression of the Law Dome ice-core record by Kohler et al. (2006) [14] yields the same intercept with 𝑟2 = 0.96. The two-endmember mixture equation 𝛿13C𝐼 = 𝑓 𝛿13C𝐹 + (1− 𝑓 ) 𝛿13C𝑁 , using the standard fossil signature 𝛿13C𝐹 ≈ −28‰ and the physically admissible range −13.2‰ ≤ 𝛿13C𝑁 ≤ −8‰, forces the fossil fraction 𝑓 of the net addition into the interval [0, 0.26]. Even under the counterfactual relaxation 𝛿13C𝑁 = 0‰, well outside any physically realizable naturalreservoir signature, 𝑓 is bounded above by 0.471. The five-century invariance of 𝛿13C𝐼 across a roughly 104-fold increase in fossil emissions further collapses the admissible band to 𝑓 ≈ 0.

The claim of fossil dominance is therefore not merely empirically weak; it is inconsistent with the arithmetic of the isotopic constraint applied to the standard measurement record. The rejection of the conclusion requires the rejection of one of three inputs: elementary mass-balance algebra, the standard isotopic endmember values used throughout the carbon-cycle literature, or the primary Scripps and sclerosponge datasets themselves.

Refer to the figure below for a Galvanic Series containing values for electrical potential of various metals in a saltwater application8. Generally, severity of corrosion increases when combining galvanized steel with metals far away from zinc in the galvanic series. Actual electrical potential values will vary depending on the specific electrolyte present if not saltwater4.

2ème mouvement "Chant de barde", du poème symphonique pour piano et orchestre, op.43
Peter Benoit

Peter Benoit
Concerto pour piano et orchestre. Poème symphonique (Op. 43)

4. 1. Ballade
5. 2. Bardic Song
6. 3. Scherzo: Fantastical Hunt

It's the system costs, stupid

Wind and solar supporters have a nasty habit of pretending that their preferred energy sources are the “cheapest forms of energy.” The problem, of course, is that they use unrealistic Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) estimates—see Cooking the Books for wind and solar—and they conveniently forget to mention the large system costs needed to reliably serve electricity demand using these unreliable energy sources.

That’s why, despite its high up-front capital costs, powering an electric grid with nuclear power is cheaper than using wind, solar, and battery storage. //

Before we jump into the benefits of nuclear power, it’s important for our readers to understand that building a fleet of nuclear power plants will be very expensive, which will increase costs for ratepayers. A forced energy transition of any kind is going to increase costs inherently, and nuclear is no different.

If your main priority is reliable, low-cost power, keeping the existing coal and natural gas plants online and building new natural gas plants as needed will be the more affordable option. If decarbonizing the electric grid is your main priority, building new nuclear power plants will deliver a superior value to electricity customers, with reliable service at a lower cost than a grid powered largely by wind, solar, and battery storage.

Our definition of a reliable generator is dispatchability, meaning the unit can be turned on or off as needed.

Because nuclear plants are dispatchable, they don’t require backup generators or batteries like wind and solar facilities, and there is no need to overbuild and curtail the plants to ensure there is enough electricity available when the wind isn’t blowing very hard, or the sun isn’t shining.

In our 2022 report on the cost of Minnesota’s 100 percent carbon-free electricity mandate by 2040, we found meeting Minnesota’s electricity demand would require 100,455 megawatts (MW) of installed capacity under the renewable scenario. In contrast, this same job could be done by just 16,379 MW of new and existing nuclear plants, some battery storage, and retrofitting a North Dakota coal plant with carbon capture and storage technology. //

Nuclear plants are initially licensed for 40 years and can apply for 20-year extensions thereafter. For example, in its Integrated Resource Plan, Arizona Public Service assumes a 40-year book life for nuclear power plants. However, nuclear plants can last twice as long as this estimate, and a growing number of nuclear plants have applied to operate for 80 years, allowing them to generate very cheap electricity for decades.

The main cost for a nuclear plant is paying down the upfront capital cost of the plant. In a way, building a nuclear plant is a lot like taking out a big mortgage on a house. As you pay it off, it becomes cheaper to live there. When the mortgage is fully paid, the house is a very low-cost place to live. It’s the same with a power plant. //

FERC Form 1 data consistently show existing nuclear plants generating electricity for $20.15 per MWh in Virginia, $21.71 per MWh in North Carolina, $37 per MWh in Minnesota, and $26.19 per MWh nationwide. Even without accounting for the system cost of incorporating wind and solar onto the system, the existing nuclear fleet in America is less expensive than existing wind and solar facilities, which cost $52 per MWh and $73 per MWh, respectively, according to FERC Form 1 data.

Now, one of my close friends dropped a surprise choice on me when I asked him the same movie question I asked the X users. He shared my love of the final movie on this list, but also included: "Stalag 17."

https://www.justwatch.com/us/movie/stalag-17

Stalag 17 (1953), as many readers might know, recounts the exploits of American soldiers being held in a German prisoner of war (POW) camp during World War II, and stars William Holden, Don Taylor, Robert Strauss, Harvey Lembeck, Peter Graves, Neville Brand, Richard Erdman, Sig Ruman, and Otto Preminger. //

Men of Honor (2000) is a great low-key choice //

Another title that surfaced was Hacksaw Ridge (2016), a more recent war offering starring Andrew Garfield, from director Mel Gibson. //

The William Wyler-helmed The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) focuses on vets and their loved ones readjusting (or failing to readjust) to civilian life after World War II. It's amazing to me how the movie was made just a year after the war ended.

§ 435.407 Types of acceptable documentary evidence of citizenship.
(a) Stand-alone evidence of citizenship. The following must be accepted as sufficient documentary evidence of citizenship:

(1) A U.S. passport, including a U.S. Passport Card issued by the Department of State, without regard to any expiration date as long as such passport or Card was issued without limitation.

(2) A Certificate of Naturalization.

(3) A Certificate of U.S. Citizenship.

Valse du film Rebecca
Franz Waxman

Isaac asked about a lamb. In Hebrew, שֶׂה (seh).

What was caught in the thicket was a ram - אַיִל (ayil).

In English, the difference slips by in a single reading. In Hebrew, it stands out like an unanswered question. Abraham said, "God will provide for Himself the lamb" - and God provided a ram. A substitute was given that day. The lamb was not. Abraham's words were true. They simply had not yet come to pass.
The Mountain Named for the Future

Here is what Abraham does next - and it confirms he understood exactly what had happened. He does not name the place for the ram. He does not name it for the rescue. He names it אֲדֹנָי יִרְאֶה (Adonai Yireh) - "the LORD will see to it." Future tense. And Genesis adds that a saying endured in Israel: "On the mountain of the LORD it will be provided."

Not was provided. Will be.

Scripture does not let Moriah disappear. Centuries later, 2 Chronicles 3:1 identifies it as the place where the Temple was built. The mountain where Abraham promised the lamb became the mountain where Israel brought its offerings for a thousand years - every one of them a substitute, none of them the lamb. Then, in that same city, a man stood by the Jordan, saw Jesus approaching, and reached back across two thousand years to answer Isaac's question:

"Behold, the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world."

Genesis 22 was never only a story about a test of faith. It is a promise made in the first book of the Bible and kept in the Gospels. Isaac's question waited that long for its answer - and the Hebrew text was pointing there the whole time.

Open the original 1611 King James Bible, and between the Old and New Testaments you will find a section called the Apocrypha, including Tobit, Judith, Wisdom and Maccabees. Many readers who grew up with the KJV have never seen these books inside it. Their presence did not mean its publishers gave them the same authority as the other Scriptures, but it complicates the idea that Protestant Bibles always excluded them entirely. Catholic tradition receives several of these writings as Deuterocanonical Scripture, while Orthodox collections vary and often extend further. These differences grew through centuries of transmission and decisions about which writings the Church should receive as Scripture. The Bible’s familiar table of contents has a history of its own.

Google DeepMind researchers used agentic AI to mathematically prove, or “formally verify,” a number of the Signal protocol’s key cryptographic guarantees—a landmark development for the widely used cryptography and AI itself.

Conducted as a sort of proof-of-concept project in just four weeks, the work is significant in two ways. It serves as further independent validation of the cryptography that protects massive quantities of the world’s communications on platforms like the Signal app, Google Messages, and WhatsApp. And it demonstrates Google DeepMind’s formal verification capabilities using a new AI framework called AlphaProof Code. //

Proponents of formal verification have long referred to it as a sort of holy grail in software security, because it uses math to check and validate that software is functioning as intended—in other words, that it doesn’t have critical vulnerabilities.

Before the AI era, it was incredibly time-consuming for people to describe the characteristics of software they wanted to prove, turn these summaries into formulas, and then develop the proof. Agentic AI can significantly cut down the time of the latter project, enabling analyses like DeepMind’s Signal evaluation. But even this analysis was limited in scope—it did not, for example, formally verify the entire Signal mobile app—and DeepMind researchers emphasize that their findings are just one milestone in a larger process. //

The DeepMind analysis did not find any new vulnerabilities in the portions of the Signal protocol it looked at, but when the researchers used AlphaProof Code on older versions of Signal that contain known and long-fixed vulnerabilities, it correctly identified them and showed that the protocol could not be formally verified. The researchers are releasing the specification and proof they developed for the Signal protocol analysis to aid other formal verification work. //

The open question across the tech sector, though, is whether AI-automated formal verification can truly scale—and whether it can do so at a workable cost. DeepMind conducted the Signal analysis free of charge as a research project, and Google declined to share the cost of the analysis. The company also declined to comment on whether it has plans to release a commercial formal verification product or service.

1. Float Charging Voltage:
   The float charging voltage is set at a lower level, usually between 13.2 to 13.8 volts, to maintain the battery’s full state of charge without overcharging. This setting is essential for keeping lead-acid batteries in a ready-to-use state, especially in applications where they are not frequently used.

2. Temperature Compensation:
   Temperature compensation adjusts the charging voltage based on ambient temperature changes. As temperatures rise, the charging voltage should be decreased to prevent overcharging. Conversely, the voltage should be increased in colder conditions. This ensures optimal battery performance and longevity.

The recommended voltage for float charging lead-acid batteries is typically between 2.2 to 2.3 volts per cell. This charging method maintains the battery at a fully charged state without overcharging, ensuring longevity and optimal performance.

It was on the third day of August that Joe come off the assembly line, and on the fifth Laurine come into town, an' that afternoon I saved civilization. That's what I figure, anyhow. Laurine is a blonde that I was crazy about once—and crazy is the word—and Joe is a logic that I have stored away down in the cellar right now. I had to pay for him because I said I busted him, and sometimes I think about turning him on and sometimes I think about taking an ax to him. Sooner or later I'm gonna do one or the other. I kinda hope it's the ax. I could use a coupla million dollars—sure!—an' Joe'd tell me how to get or make 'em. He can do plenty! But so far I've been scared to take a chance. After all, I figure I really saved civilization by turnin' him off. //

It "It was a nice kinda world once," I says, bitter. "I could go home peaceful and not have belly-cramps wonderin' if a blonde has called up my wife to announce my engagement to her. I could punch keys on a logic without gazing into somebody's bedroom while she is giving her epidermis a air bath and being led to think things I gotta take out in thinkin'. I could—"

Then I groan, rememberin' that my wife, naturally, is gonna blame me for the fact that our private life ain't private any more if anybody has tried to peek into it.

"It was a swell world," I says, homesick for the dear dead days-before-yesterday. "We was playin' happy with our toys like little innocent children until somethin' happened. Like a guy named Joe come in and squashed all our mud pies."