The unit consists of two stages of filtration, a coarse screen and a fine screen.

Dirty water enters the inlet, passes through the coarse screen outside-in, and enters the inside of the fine screen. The water then passes through the fine screen from the inside out and exits the outlet.

Unwanted solids accumulate on the inner surface of the fine screen, making it harder for water to pass through the fine screen and creating a pressure differential between the inlet and the outlet. Once the pressure differential reaches a preset level, the factory-supplied control system activates a rinse cycle by opening the rinse valve and starting the motor.

When the rinse valve opens to atmosphere, pressure drops in the rinse chamber. The dirt collector is hollow and connects the rinse chamber and the fine screen chamber, so pressure drops inside the dirt collector and its nozzles as well. The pressure drop causes the nozzles to work like vacuum cleaners, sucking in nearby particles. The nozzles are self-adjusting, allowing the nozzle openings to touch the surface of the fine screen. The water rushes into the nozzles at over 50 feet/second, carrying with it any material stuck on the fine screen. The intense energy can suck off even the stickiest particles.

Meanwhile, the dirt collector is slowly rotating and moving linearly. The drive shaft rotates the dirt collector, while the linear motion shaft moves it linearly. Both are controlled by the motor, on the back of the filter. Together, they ensure that the dirt collector nozzles pass over each part of the screen at least twice during the 45-second rinse cycle.

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This calculator determines the absolute pressure at the pump impeller. NPSHA must exceed the NPSHR (net positive suction head requirement specified by the pump manufacturer or caviation and/or loss of prime will occur.

The first form calculates the pressure or friction loss along a given length of pipeline with a specified inside diameter. The second form calculates the minimum pipe size to limit pressure loss to a specified value.

Additional friction pressure losses occur due to fittings. These losses in-effect add extra additional length to the total pipeline. Use this calculator to estimate how much additional length needs to be added to the overall pipe length below in order to estimate these additional losses. Learn more about the units used on this page.

When is a flow sleeve required?

Submersible well pump motors are designed to operate with a cooling flow of water over and around the full length of the motor. In water up to 86 degrees Fahrenheit, a flow of 0.25 feet/second for 4” motors rated 3 horsepower and higher, and 0.5 feet/second for 6” and 8” motors is required for proper cooling. If the minimum flow is not maintained, the motor can overheat. In these cases, flow sleeves, also known as flow inducer sleeves, must be used to provide sufficient cooling.

The following conditions require a flow sleeve as the minimum flow rate will not be maintained:

Pump is in an open body of water (for example, here in northern Idaho we have a lot of clients that have submersible well pumps in a lake)

• Large diameter wells (use Franklin Electric AIM Manual Table 6 to determine requirements, shown below) Click here to go to AIM Manual
• Pump is in a rock well or below the well casing
• The well is “top feeding”
• Pump is set in or below screens or perforations
  Table 6 from Franklin Electric AIM Manual below shows the minimum GPM required for proper cooling.

Instead of needing constant power, new system adjusts to use whatever is available. //

“Unlike reverse osmosis, electrodialysis is an electrically driven process,” Bessette says. The membranes are arranged in such a way that the water is not pushed through them but flows along them. On both sides of those membranes are positive and negative electrodes that create an electric field, which draws salt ions through the membranes and out of the water. //

The two most important parameters in electrodialysis desalination are the flow rate of the water and the power you apply to the electrodes. To make the process efficient, you need to match those two. The advantage of electrodialysis is that it can operate at different power levels. When you have more available power, you can just pump more water through the system. When you have less power, you can slow the system down by reducing the water flow rate. You’ll produce less freshwater, but you won’t break anything this way. //

Octavus Ars Scholae Palatinae
18y
1,115
On average, it desalinated around 5,000 liters of water per day—enough for a community of roughly 2,000 people.
Is 2.5L per day really enough per person when that is below the adequate intake levels according to the Institute of Medicine? Let alone for other purposes such as cooking and hygiene.

The Institute of Medicine has recommended adequate intake (AI) values for total water at levels to prevent dehydration. The AI for men aged 19+ is 3.7 liters each day, and 3 liters (13 cups) of which should be consumed as beverages. The AI for women aged 19+ is 2.7 liters about 2.2 liters (9 cups) of which should be consumed as beverages each day.
Water: An Important Part of a Healthy Winter Diet : USDA ARS //

Team Tardigrade Ars Centurion
4y
370
Octavus said:
Is 2.5L per day really enough per person when that is below the adequate intake levels according to the Institute of Medicine? Let alone for other purposes such as cooking and hygiene.

Water: An Important Part of a Healthy Winter Diet : USDA ARS
Like most other things in medicine and science there are different viewpoints on what total water intake needs to be. This study says an average minimum of 1.8 L. I've seen several textbooks that list anything from 1.5 to 2.5 L. I've also see other estimates going as high as 3.5-4 L. Age, sex, renal function, diet, and metabolic disease all have impacts on these numbers.

Float switches are a reliable and inexpensive solution for the direct control of pumps and regulate liquid levels in tanks, basins and the like. 

A federal court in California ruled late Tuesday against the Environmental Protection Agency, ordering officials to take action over concerns about potential health risks from currently recommended levels of fluoride in the American drinking water supply.

The ruling by District Court Judge Edward Chen, an appointee of former President Barack Obama, deals a blow to public health groups in the growing debate about whether the benefits of continuing to add fluoride to the water supply outweighs its risks. //

"One thing the EPA cannot do, however, in the face of this Court's finding, is to ignore that risk," he wrote.

Michael Connett, a partner at the law firm Siri & Glimstad and the lead attorney for the groups who brought the lawsuit, said the law now requires EPA to take action to remove the risk of fluoride.

"From our vantage point, the obvious way of eliminating the risk from adding fluoride chemicals to drinking water is to stop adding them," he told CBS News.

How many foot of water in 1 psi? The answer is 2.3066587368787. We assume you are converting between foot of water [4 °C] and pound/square inch.

• 1 foot of water to psi = 0.43353 psi
• 5 foot of water to psi = 2.16764 psi
• 10 foot of water to psi = 4.33528 psi
• 20 foot of water to psi = 8.67055 psi
• 30 foot of water to psi = 13.00583 psi
• 40 foot of water to psi = 17.3411 psi
• 50 foot of water to psi = 21.67638 psi
• 75 foot of water to psi = 32.51456 psi
• 100 foot of water to psi = 43.35275 psi

In a real world application, which is a house with a garden hose, heat pump, sprinkler system or the like, Amtrol's lab results would show the devastating cycling that has long been the cause of pump system failures. A worst-case scenario would be a continuous demand of 7.5 GPM. Using a 15 GPM pump with a tank having 15 gallons of draw down as in Amtrol's "study", there would be continuous cycling every 4 minutes. That would be 360 cycles per day or 131,400 cycles per year. It does not matter if the old pressure tank only system saves any energy or not, the equipment would not last long enough to get a good test. Even if these continuous demands were only required 25% of the time that would still be 32,850 cycles per year with the old pressure tank only system compared to 3,000 cycles per year when using a "cycle control valve".

The Cycle Stop Valve or CSV can save money and energy directly and indirectly. A Variable Frequency Drive or VFD system may use a little less energy than a CSV system at low flow, but the parasitic losses and reduced efficiency of the motor running on a VFD, means the VFD uses more energy at high flow. Over the full range of flow, the amp draw or energy reduction that happens as a CSV throttles the output of a pump can be almost exactly comparable to the energy reduction of a VFD system. To verify this you only need to use the standard Brake Horse Power equation. If you know your flow rate, head, and efficiency the horsepower can be easily figured using our Horse Power Calculator.

However, there is nothing more efficient that a properly sized pump running at it's best efficiency point. Any time you reduce the RPM with a VFD, or throttle the output with a valve, a pump is using more energy per gallon produced, than when the pump is running at it's best efficiency point and full RPM. There are cases where a CSV or VFD can save energy directly. When the flow rate required is between 60% to 90% of the max flow, and rapid cycling into a pressure tank causes multiple motor starts with high inrush currents, a CSV or VFD will reduce the energy consumption directly. The lower the flow rate required, the more energy per gallon is used with a VFD or a CSV. Because head is lost by the square of the pump speed, when a static head or constant pressure must be maintained, a pump cannot be slowed down enough with a VFD, to save anymore energy than a CSV.

To see the indirect ways that a CSV saves energy, we must compare it to the other types of pump control. Cycling on and off into a pressure tank is one of the fastest ways to destroy a pump system. Because of cycling, the average life of small submersible pumps is only about 7 years. Those that cycle the most only last 2 years, while those that cycle the least last about 12 years, hence a 7 year average. Even with a fairly large pressure tank, cycling destroys every component in a pump system. Cycling flexes the bladder in a pressure tank, until the bladder breaks like bending a wire back and forth. Cycling destroys pressure switches, start capacitors and starting relays. Cycling torques the pipe in the well, until the down hole wire is rubbed bare. Cycling can strip pump splines and loosen impellers. Cycling also destroys the motor or strips the motor splines. //

Since cycling is one cause of most pump system failures, eliminating 80% of the cycles with a Cycle Stop Valve, can triple or quadruple the life of every component in the pump system, compared to a pressure tank only system. Because a CSV system runs on standard sinusoidal power at a constant RPM, there are no voltage spikes, harmonics, resonance frequencies, or additional heat produced. A CSV system can more than quadruple the life of a pump system when compared to a VFD. A pump system that last 15 years, can save a tremendous amount of energy over having to replace the pump system every 5 years. Taking into consideration that the CSV system uses a pressure tank that is a fraction of the size and cost of larger pressure tanks, can add substantially to the savings. Reductions in square footage needed to house a large pressure tank, and saving the heat required for that extra square footage, can add even more to the energy savings. Lastly consider the energy used to mine, manufacture, transport, install, and recycle the additional pump systems destroyed by cycling or VFD's.

The biggest "green lie" of all is that VFD's "save energy". When the pumps speed is reduced using a VFD, the Affinity Law states, "horse power is reduced by the cube of the RPM." Many people use this to try and show energy is being saved, by reducing the RPM. This is absolutely not true (See figure #3)).

Figure 3
When running the pump at full speed and maximum flow, the energy used by the VFD itself, along with motor losses from the VFD's sub-standard voltage wave form, causes more energy to be used per gallon. //

The only real energy savings, comes from the system that will last the longest. It takes a lot of energy to mine, manufacture, transport, and install pumps and controls. The longer a system last, the more energy and money is saved. It is very harmful to the environment to install a system that was designed to only last a short time. Our landfills are being filled with electronic components like VFD's, and non-recyclable pumps and motors. This waste a lot of energy and natural resources, leaches heavy metals into our water supplies, and drains money out of your bank account.

Create or De-rate?
When the flow is reduced, the amps drawn by a pump controlled by a VFD, and a pump controlled by a CSV are almost the same. The difference is that a VFD creates a smaller motor from a larger one, and a CSV de-rates the motor load.

When a VFD slows down a 10 HP motor, until it is only drawing a 5 HP load, it has "created" a 5 HP motor from the 10 HP. Even though the motor is only drawing half of a 10 HP load, the harmonic content produced by the VFD increases heat in the motor. The motor must be cooled as if it were a fully loaded 5 HP, which still requires 1/2 a foot per second flow. According to the submersible motor cooling chart, a 6" motor in an 8" casing needs a minimum of 45 GPM to remain cool. So a 10 HP pump and motor in 8" casing, cannot be slowed to less than 45 GPM, or the motor will overheat and be destroyed.

The same 10 HP motor controlled by a CSV doesn't need as much flow to remain cool. This is because the 10 HP motor has been "de-rated" to a 5 HP load. When a CSV restricts a 10 HP pump, the amps can also drop to a 5 HP load.

Head produced by a pump drops off by the square of the speed. Pumps that must lift a certain distance or produce a specific pressure (or TDH) have a minimum speed that will accomplish this task. The speed of a correctly sized pump can only be reduced a small amount if a static head or constant pressure is required. Horse power reductions by the cube of the speed can be insignificant compared to a full speed pump simply pushed to the left of it's curve. Before you can use the Affinity Law the following steps must be taken to determine the minimum speed possible from your pump. The affinity law can then be used to determine the minimum horsepower possible from your pump when using a VFD.

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An algorithm can spot beaver ponds from satellite imagery. //

Corwin’s beaver obsession met a receptive corporate culture. Google’s employees are famously encouraged to devote time to passion projects, the policy that produced Gmail; Corwin decided his passion was beavers. But how best to assist the buck-toothed architects? Corwin knew that beaver infrastructure—their sinuous dams, sprawling ponds, and spidery canals—is often so epic it can be seen from space. In 2010, a Canadian researcher discovered the world’s longest beaver dam, a stick-and-mud bulwark that stretches more than a half-mile across an Alberta park, by perusing Google Earth. Corwin and Ackerstein began to wonder whether they could contribute to beaver research by training a machine-learning algorithm to automatically detect beaver dams and ponds on satellite imagery—not one by one, but thousands at a time, across the surface of an entire state. //

According to Fairfax, EEAGER’s use cases are many. The model could be used to estimate beaver numbers, monitor population trends, and calculate beaver-provided ecosystem services like water storage and fire prevention. It could help states figure out where to reintroduce beavers, where to target stream and wetland restoration, and where to create conservation areas. It could allow researchers to track beavers’ spread in the Arctic as the rodents move north with climate change; or their movements in South America, where beavers were introduced in the 1940s and have since proliferated. “We literally cannot handle all the requests we’re getting,” says Fairfax, who serves as EEAGER’s scientific adviser.

The beaver deceiver Penz and Ricci built Tuesday aims to be a more permanent solution. The contraption pipes water through the center of the dam — tricking the beavers so water keeps flowing even as they continue to build the dam higher.

“Public works, they’re happy to have the beavers as long as they don’t do damage,” Penz said. “There are a lot of beavers in Summit County. So if they trapped them out of a given pond, there will be more back in a year or two. It isn’t a long-term solution to trap them. It isn’t a long-term solution to keep ripping the dam apart.”

Colorado is home to a robust beaver population. The rodents are habitat engineers, cutting aspens, willows and other trees, and their dams slow water, which recharges groundwater, reduces erosion, provides a barrier to wildfires and provides other ecological benefits, according to Colorado Parks and Wildlife. But those dam-building skills can also cause conflicts with humans, blocking culverts and flooding roads and other property.

For the past five years or so, Frisco has not been trapping and relocating beavers but instead has been working to coexist happily with the creatures, Johnsen said. The grounds foreman said he has forged something of a friendship with Penz and Ricci while they have helped deal with the beaver community over the years.

Filter Media Reference Guide

Filtration Medium Basic Characteristics Discussion

Fleck 5600 Econominder Softener Valve

Installation Instructions & Manufacturer's Manuals
Fleck 5600 Owner’s Manual (pdf)
Fleck 5600 Service Manual (pdf)