What does the universe look like through infrared goggles? Our eyes can only see visible light, but astronomers want to see more. Today’s APOD shows spiral galaxy IC 5332 as seen by two NASA telescopes: Webb in mid-infrared and Hubble in ultraviolet and visible light. To toggle between the two space-based views just slide your cursor over the image (or follow this link). The Hubble image highlights the spiral arms of the galaxy separated by dark regions, whereas the Webb image reveals a finer, more tangled structure. Interstellar dust scatters and absorbs light from the stars in the galaxy, causing the dark dust lanes in the Hubble image, and then emits heat in infrared light, so dust glows in this Webb image. The Mid-InfraRed Instrument on Webb needs to operate at a chilling temperature of -266ºC (or - 447ºF), otherwise it would detect infrared radiation from the telescope itself. Combining these observations, astronomers connect the “small scale” of gas and stars to the truly large scale of galactic structure and evolution.
The distinction among the several types of federal courts in the United States has gone almost unremarked in the academic literature. Instead, attention focuses on Article III “constitutional” courts with occasional discussion of how they differ from what are referred to as “non-constitutional” or “legislative” courts. At best, these labels are misleading: all federal courts have a constitutional locus. Most (but not all) are brought into being via legislation. The binary approach ignores the full range of adjudicatory bodies, which find root in different constitutional provisions: Article III, Section 1, Article I, Section 8; Article IV, Section 3; Article II, Section 2/Article I, Section 8, Clause 3; and Article II, Section 1. These distinctions matter for defining jurisdiction and understanding the scope of the authorities—and constitutional protections—that apply. The failure of scholars to take into account the panoply contributes to inaccurate analyses and cabins debates. This Article takes a significant step forward, providing a conceptual framework for each type of court and delineating, based on their legal and historical underpinning, which entities constitute each category. It details the courts’ constitutive elements and their jurisdiction as supported by doctrine, statutory law, and scholarly literature, providing the first, comprehensive taxonomy of federal courts in the United States.
Recommended Citation
Laura K. Donohue & Jeremy McCabe, Federal Courts: Article I, II, III, and IV Adjudication, 71 Cath. U. L. Rev. 543 (2022).
Available at: https://scholarship.law.edu/lawreview/vol71/iss3/9
For many Christians, the idea of God as refuge is deeply comforting—until life becomes overwhelming.
In seasons of emotional pain, chronic stress, grief, or trauma, Scripture about God’s nearness can feel strangely out of reach. You may believe God is your refuge, yet your body remains tense, your thoughts feel scattered, and prayer seems to fall flat. That disconnect can quietly give rise to guilt, confusion, or self-doubt: If God is really with me, shouldn’t I feel better than this?
The answer is no—and understanding why can be profoundly freeing.
Why God Can Feel Distant During Emotional Pain
When life becomes threatening, emotionally, relationally, or physically, the brain shifts into survival mode. The amygdala becomes more reactive, scanning for danger, while the parts of the brain responsible for reflection, trust, and perspective are less accessible. This is not a lack of faith; it is a stress response.
During these seasons:
- Emotional intensity can override spiritual reassurance
- God’s presence may be intellectually affirmed but emotionally inaccessible
- Silence can feel personal, even when it isn’t
This helps explain why someone can sincerely love God and still feel abandoned in suffering. Your nervous system may be interpreting the world as unsafe, even when your theology is sound.
Psalm 46:1 does not deny this reality:
“God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble.”
Notice what the verse does not say. It does not promise the absence of trouble—or the immediate experience of calm. It promises presence within distress.
A self-hosted bookmark manager designed to be minimal, fast, and easy to set up.
I'm a fan of Pi-hole and Uptime Kuma, as both work incredibly well after the first deployment. Vaultwarden is another gem that I never had to worry about after I began using it instead of a paid password manager.
Resource-heavy tools like NextCloud and Paperless-ngx need frequent tweaks to work correctly. I use them in combination with Immich for photos, but I cannot call them “deploy once and forget” tools.
In a move designed to protect patient access to timely and medically necessary care, Indiana is now the first state in the country to ban health insurers from financially penalizing hospitals for using out-of-network providers.
The bipartisan legislation, known as Senate Bill 189, was approved by both chambers of the Indiana General Assembly and is on Gov. Mike Braun's desk, where it is expected to be signed.
The bill comes in the wake of Elevance, an Indianapolis-based health care company, implementing a policy that "encourages the use of in-network providers for services in a facility and penalizes them if out-of-network care is used," according to WTHR.com — essentially limiting patients and facilities to using in-network providers. //
"Advocates [of the bill] say the legislation is a critical step toward protecting patient access to high-quality care and curbing unfair insurer practices within Indiana's health care system where Elevance, including its Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield plan, controls 68% of Indiana's commercial insurance market," the Indiana Hospital Association said in a statement.
AllUsedParts distributes genuine quality OEM components through the largest national network of used auto parts. Our extensive coverage and inventory of 40+ million items updated daily ensures we can get you what you need. We've been an active player in the automotive industry for decades and have perfected the challenges of e-commerce and complicated logistics of managing and delivering inventories of our size.
About MarVac
Marvac Electronics is a full-line distributor of electronic components, tools, wire and cable, audio and video product, wire management, and much more. Being founded in 1965, we have proudly celebrated the chance to serve Costa Mesa and the greater Orange County area for over fifty-five years. We are your one-stop, local, family-owned & operated electronics supply store; carrying a large selection of over 4,000+ products with new products added to our storefront and website every day. Our customer care and the providing of satisfaction-guaranteed products is at the forefront of our business and of the utmost importance
We specialize in purchasing inventory lots directly from manufacturers and companies that build electronic equipment. We also have sources that offer us unique and custom parts that you will not find anywhere else. Often we are able to get excess parts inventory from manufacturers who are discontinuing a current product and are liquidating their inventories. We pass the savings on directly to our customers. We carry many of the same products that you will find at a distributor but at a fraction of the price!
Our inventory is constantly changing. Every day, new inventory arrives at our warehouse.
Small, painfully-loud two-tone piezo siren for auto or home security devices. Operates 6-12 vdc, 110 ma. 108dB output (30cm).
We show that from a handful of comments, LLMs can infer where you live, what you do, and your interests—then search for you on the web. In our new research, we show that this is not only possible but increasingly practical.
SPACE JELLYFISH PREDICTOR
On Tuesday, March 2, at 10:30 AM , Thomas DeVane McGee transitioned peacefully to his heavenly home surrounded by his family, ending his battle with brain cancer. DeVane was born in Panama City, Florida, September 18, 1947 to J. T. and Helen McGee.
DeVane was an amazing husband, father, and “Papa” to his grandchildren. DeVane met his wife, Mary Jarman, in high school and they became good friends. He and Mary graduated from Rutherford High School in 1965 and they married in August 1967. They had two children: Kelly Denise Ball and Kevin Bruce McGee.
In Illinois, possessing so much as a single round of ammunition without a Firearms Owner ID (or FOID) card is a serious crime.
How serious?
Well, residents of Lake in the Hills, Illinois got a first hand view of that law being enforced last Thursday, when a SWAT unit rolled up on a house where a 20-year-old man was believed to be possessing ammunition without a permit. //
In most of the country this wouldn't be a crime at all. Illinois, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Jersey are the only states where a permit or license is required to purchase or possess ammunition, and California and New York require background checks on the sale of ammunition. //
Illinois' FOID card requirement has been ruled unconstitutional more than once, but each time the state Supreme Court has reversed those decisions on technical grounds while avoiding the underlying constitutional question. My hope is that Illinois residents will one day not have to worry about the FOID card, but for now be aware that any bullets you might possess without the proper paperwork could lead to a very loud, chaotic, and potentially deadly visit by the police.
Pipes and Tubes - Imperial vs. Metric Sizes
SI vs. Imperial pipe sizes.
The size of pipes, fittings, flanges and valves are often given in inches as NPS - Nominal Pipe Size, or in metric units as DN - 'Diametre Nominal'.
Typical weight and dimensions of industrial PVC and CPVC pipes equal to steel pipes schedule 40 and 80 are indicated in the table below.
- ASTM D1785 Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120 is manufactured to meet the needs of a broad range of industrial, commercial and residential piping systems. ASTM D1785 covers pipes made for water distribution and irrigation systems.
- ASTM F441 Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80
DN Diametre Nominal & NPS Nominal Pipe Size Table
Metric Pipe Sizes DN per ISO and NPS equivalent for DN6 to DN2200, NPS Schedule 5 to 30
Dear Men Who Think They Are Winning When They Are Actually Losing,
You cannot find a woman of genuine character if you are not operating as a man of genuine character yourself. That is not unfair. That is just how it works. //
You want a woman who chose you. Not settled for you, not defaulted to you because you were convenient, not attached to you because of neurochemistry you both generated before you even knew each other's last names. CHOSE you. With her eyes fully open, knowing who you are, and deciding you are worth building with.
That woman exists. She is probably not the most exciting woman in the room. She is probably the one who is a little harder to access, a little slower to give herself away, a little more certain about what she is looking for and not particularly interested in apologizing for it.
Stop chasing the race. Start choosing wisely.