Latest results from a recently discovered ancient Roman construction site confirm earlier findings.
Back in 2023, we reported on MIT scientists’ conclusion that the ancient Romans employed “hot mixing” with quicklime, among other strategies, to make their famous concrete, giving the material self-healing functionality. The only snag was that this didn’t match the recipe as described in historical texts. Now the same team is back with a fresh analysis of samples collected from a recently discovered site that confirms the Romans did indeed use hot mixing, according to a new paper published in the journal Nature Communications. //
Then archaeologists discovered the remains of what was once an active construction site in Pompeii, with tools and piles of raw materials scattered about, a half-built wall, completed buttresses, and even mortar repairs to an existing wall. Masic described it as a veritable “time capsule” holding even more secrets about how the Romans made their concrete.
Masic et al.’s latest isotopic analysis of samples taken from the site confirms that the concrete had the same lime clasts as those used to build Privernum. Intact quicklime fragments showed they had been premixed with other dry raw materials—a crucial early step in a hot mixing process. Furthermore, the volcanic ash used in the cement contained pumice, and those pumice particles would chemically react with the surrounding solution over time to create new, strengthening mineral deposits. As for Vitruvius, Masic suggests that the historian may have been misinterpreted, pointing to a passing mention of latent heat during the cement mixing process that might indicate hot mixing.
Christopher Rollston examines the Qeiyafa Ostracon, Gezer Calendar and other candidates for the oldest known Hebrew inscription
Using letter order in the ancient Hebrew alphabet for clues
Workers with ropes could make the moai "walk" in zig-zag motion along roads tailor-made for the purpose. //
In 2012, Lipo and his colleague, Terry Hunt of the University of Arizona, showed that you could transport a 10-foot, 5-ton moai a few hundred yards with just 18 people and three strong ropes by employing a rocking motion. //
Lipo was not the first to test the walking hypothesis. Earlier work includes that of Czech experimental archaeologist Pavel Pavel, who conducted similar practical experiments on Easter Island in the 1980s after being inspired by Thor Heyerdahl's Kon Tiki. (Heyerdahl even participated in the experiments.) Pavel's team was able to demonstrate a kind of "shuffling" motion, and he concluded that just 16 men and one leader were sufficient to transport the statues. //
"Pavel deserves recognition for taking oral traditions seriously and challenging the dominant assumption of horizontal transport, a move that invited ridicule from established scholars," Lipo and Hunt wrote. "His experiments suggested that vertical transport was feasible and consistent with cultural memory. Our contribution builds on this by showing that ancestral engineers intentionally designed statues for walking. Those statues were later modified to stand erect on ceremonial platforms, a transformation that effectively erased the morphological features essential for movement."
Archaeologists finally broke the cipher on 255 strange symbols etched into a Canadian rock over 200 years ago — and it’s the Lord’s Prayer… in Swedish.
Discovered in 2018 after a tree fell near Wawa, Ontario (just a stone’s throw from Michigan), the bizarre runes had stumped many — until Ryan Primrose from Ontario’s archaeology squad swooped in with the scoop.
After seven years of trying to decipher what the unusual carving symbolized, Primose finally learned that the etched symbols are part of an alphabet that was used in Scandinavia.
And the symbols translated to a 1611 Swedish version of The Lord’s Prayer, according to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
No other fancy artifacts showed up nearby, so Primrose figured the area where this carved rock lay most likely was treated as an outdoor chapel.
While some depict the Bible’s Passover meal and Jews’ Exodus from Egypt as a fable, archeological and other evidence squares with the Bible’s account.
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